Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet

Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet Sheet Umfanekiso obonisiweyo
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet
  • Iinqwaba zeS355 U Type Hot Rolled Steel Sheet

Inkcazo emfutshane:

Inqwaba yeSheet yentsimbi ye-S355yimveliso yokubopha intsimbi yesakhiwo esomeleleyo nesitshisiweyo esetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bezakhiwo kunye nobolwandle.

Ngenxa yokuba inamandla amakhulu okuvelisa, ukuqina, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokudityaniswa, ifanelekile kwiindonga zokugcina, iziseko ezinzulu, ii-cofferdams, izakhiwo zezibuko, kunye nokwakhiwa kolwandle.

Inika amandla aphezulu okuthwala umthwalo kunye nokuqina ixesha elide kwiindawo ezifuna umhlaba namanzi amaninzi.


  • Ibanga lentsimbi:Q235B Q355B S355
  • Umgangatho wemveliso:I-GB/EN
  • Ixesha lokuhlawula:30%TT+70%
  • Ixesha lokuzisa:Iintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-15
  • Isatifikethi:I-ISO 9001, i-MTC, i-SGS
    • Thumela i-imeyile kuthi I-WhatsApp

    Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

    Iithegi zeMveliso

    Iinkcukacha zeMveliso

    Umgangatho I-GB/EN Uku-invoyisi Ngobunzima Bokwenyani
    Ukunyamezelana Akukho nanye Ixesha lokuzisa Iintsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-15
    I-alloy okanye Hayi Akukho nanye Ibanga S235/S275/S355
    Inkonzo Yokucubungula I-OEM Indawo yemvelaphi ITinajin, eTshayina
    https://www.chinaroyalssteel.com/contact-us/
    https://www.chinaroyalssteel.com/contact-us/
    https://www.chinaroyalssteel.com/contact-us/
    https://www.chinaroyalssteel.com/contact-us/
    Jonga isitokhwe samva nje kunye nexabiso

    Isakhiwo seekhemikhali zenqwaba yeshiti yentsimbi

    Ibanga lentsimbi C (%) I-Si (%) Mn (%) I-P (%) S (%) N (%) I-Cu (%)
    S355 ≤ 0.24 ≤ 0.55 ≤ 1.60 ≤ 0.035 ≤ 0.035 ≤ 0.012 ≤ 0.55*

    Phawula: I-Cu (Copper) ayinyanzelekanga ngokuxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zokumelana nokugqwala okuphuculweyo. Amaxabiso anokwahluka kancinci ngokomenzi kunye nohlobo lwecandelo. Isatifikethi sovavanyo lweMill (MTC) siyafumaneka xa siceliwe.

    Iipropati zoomatshini zeNqwaba yePhepha leNsimbi

    Ibanga lentsimbi Ubukhulu (mm) Amandla okuKhula (ReH) MPa Amandla okuThamba (Rm) MPa Ukwandiswa (%)
    S355JR ≤ 16 ≥ 355 470 – 630 ≥ 22
    S355JR 16 – 40 ≥ 345 470 – 630 ≥ 22
    S355JR 40 – 63 ≥ 335 470 – 630 ≥ 21
    S355JR 63 – 80 ≥ 325 470 – 630 ≥ 20

    Phawula:Iimpawu zoomatshini ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa. Amaxabiso asekelwe kwiimfuno ezisemgangathweni ze-EN. Isatifikethi sovavanyo lweMill (MTC) sinokubonelelwa xa siceliwe.

    Ubungakanani bePile yePhepha leNsimbi

    Iintlobo zokuHlanganisa iiSheet eziShushu eziSongiweyo zohlobo lwaseAsia
    Inqwaba yamaphepha eLarssen eYurophu
    Iintlobo zokuHlanganisa iiSheet eziShushu eziSongiweyo zohlobo lwaseAsia
    icandelo Ubukhulu Indawo yeCandelo Ubunzima Umzuzu
    ukungabi namandla    		 Imodulus
    yecandelo
    Ububanzi Ubude Ubukhulu Inqwaba Udonga
    w h t
    mm Mm mm cm2/inqwaba kg/m kg/m2 cm4/m cm3/m
    ⅠA 400 85 8 45.21 35.5 88.8 4500 529
    Ⅱ 400 100 10.5 61.2 48 120 8740 874
    Ⅲ 400 125 13 76.4 60 150 16800 1340
    ⅢA 400 150 13.1 74.4 58.4 146 22800 1520
    Ⅳ 400 170 15.5 97 76.1 190 38600 2270
    ⅤL 500 200 24.3 133.8 105 210 63000 3150
    ⅥL 500 225 27.6 153 120 240 86000 3820
    ⅡW 600 130 10.3 78.7 61.8 103 13000 1000
    ⅢW 600 180 13.4 104 81.6 136 32400 1800
    ⅣW 600 210 18 135.3 106 177 56700 2700
    Inqwaba yamaphepha eLarssen eYurophu
    Icandelo Ubukhulu Ubunzima Ixesha lokungakhathali Imodyuli yecandelo
    Ububanzi Ubude Ubukhulu Ngenqwaba nganye Udonga
    w h t s
    mm mm mm mm kg/m kg/m2 cm4/m cm3/m
    Ububanzi obuyi-750mm
    I-GHU 14 750 408 10.0 8.3 77.9 104 28 690 1 415
    I-GHU 16 750 411 11.5 9.3 86.3 115 32 860 1 610
    I-GHU 18 750 441 10.5 9.1 88.5 118 39 310 1 790
    I-GHU 20 750 444 12.0 10.0 96.9 129 44 450 2 010
    I-GHU 23 750 447 13.0 9.5 102.1 136 50 710 2 280
    I-GHU 25 750 450 14.5 10.2 110.4 147 56 250 2 510
    Ububanzi obuyi-600mm
    I-GHU 12 600 360 9.8 9.0 66.1 110 21 610 1 210
    I-GHU 12S 600 360 10.0 10.0 71.0 118 22 670 1 270
    I-GHU 18-1 600 430 10.2 8.4 72.6 121 35 960 1 680
    I-GHU 18 600 430 11.2 9.0 76.9 128 38 660 1 810
    I-GHU 18+1 600 430 12.2 9.5 81.1 135 41 330 1 930
    I-GHU 22-1 600 450 11.1 9.0 81.9 137 46 390 2 070
    I-GHU 22 600 450 12.1 9.5 86.1 144 49 470 2 210
    I-GHU 22+1 600 450 13.1 10.0 90.4 151 52 520 2 345
    I-GHU 28-1 600 452 14.2 9.7 97.4 162 60 590 2 690
    I-GHU 28 600 454 15.2 10.1 101.8 170 64 470 2 850
    I-GHU 28+1 600 456 16.2 10.5 106.2 177 68 390 3 010
    I-GHU 32-1 600 452 18.5 10.6 109.9 183 69 220 3 075
    I-GHU 32 600 452 19.5 11.0 114.1 190 72 330 3 210
    I-GHU 32+1 600 452 20.5 11.4 118.4 197 75 410 3 350
    Ububanzi obuyi-600mm kunye ne-400mm
    I-GHU 6N 600 309 6.0 6.0 41.9 70 9 680 635
    I-GHU 7N 600 310 6.5 6.4 44.1 74 10 460 685
    I-GHU 7S 600 311 7.2 6.9 46.3 77 11 550 750
    I-GHU 7HWS 600 312 7.3 6.9 47.4 79 11 630 755
    I-GHU 8N 600 312 7.5 7.1 48.5 81 12 020 780
    I-GHU 8S 600 313 8.0 7.5 50.8 85 12 810 830
    I-GHU 10N 600 316 9.0 6.8 55.8 93 15 710 1000
    I-GHU 11N 600 318 10.0 7.4 60.2 100 17 460 1 105
    I-GHU 12N 600 320 11.0 8.0 64.6 108 19 230 1 230
    I-GHU 13N 600 418 9.0 7.4 59.9 100 26 600 1 280
    I-GHU 14N 600 420 10.0 8.0 64.3 107 29 420 1 410
    I-GHU 15N 600 422 11.0 8.6 68.7 115 32 270 1 540
    I-GHU 16N 600 430 10.2 8.4 72.6 121 35 960 1 680
    I-GHU 18N 600 430 11.2 9.0 76.9 128 38 660 1 810
    I-GHU 20N 600 430 12.2 9.5 81.1 135 41 310 1 930
    I-GHU 21N 600 450 11.1 9.0 81.9 137 46 390 2 070
    I-GHU 22N 600 450 12.1 9.5 86.1 144 49 470 2 210
    I-GHU 23N 600 450 13.1 10.0 90.4 151 52 520 2 345
    I-GHU 27N 600 452 14.2 9.7 97.4 162 60 590 2 690
    I-GHU 28N 600 454 15.2 10.1 101.8 170 64 470 2 850
    I-GHU 30N 600 456 16.2 10.5 106.2 177 68 390 3 010
    I-GHU 31N 600 452 18.5 10.6 109.9 183 69 220 3 075
    I-GHU 32N 600 452 19.5 11.0 114.1 190 72 330 3 210
    I-GHU 33N 600 452 20.5 11.4 118.4 197 75 420 3 350
    I-GHU 16-400 400 290 12.7 9.4 62.0 155 22 600 1 570
    I-GHU 18-400 400 292 15.0 9.7 69.3 173 26 100 1 795

     

    Icandelo Ubukhulu Ubunzima Ixesha lokungakhathali Imodyuli yecandelo
    Ububanzi Ubude Ubukhulu Ngenqwaba nganye Udonga
    w h t s
    mm mm mm mm kg/m kg/m2 cm4/m cm3/m
    I-GHL 600 600 150 9.5 9.5 56.4 94 3825 510
    I-GHL 600K 600 150 10 10 59.4 99 4050 540
    I-GHL 601 600 310 7.5 6,4 46.8 78 11520 745
    I-GHL 602 600 310 8.2 8 53.4 89 12870 830
    I-GHL 603 600 310 9.7 8.2 64.8 108 18600 1200
    I-GHL 603K 600 310 10 9 68.1 113.5 19220 1240
    I-GHL 603 10/10 600 310 10 10 69.6 116 19530 1260
    I-GHL 604 600 380 10 9 73.8 123 30400 1600
    I-GHL 605 600 420 13 9.2 85.5 142.5 43890 2090
    I-GHL 606 600 435 14.4 9.2 94.2 157 54375 2500
    I-GHL 607 600 452 19 10.6 114 190 72320 3200
    I-GHL 703 700 400 9.5 8 67.5 96.4 24200 1210
    I-GHL 716 700 440 10.2 9.5 79.9 114.2 35200 1600
    I-GHL 720 750 450 12 10 96.4 128.5 45000 2000

    Khuphela ikhathalogu epheleleyo

    Uyazi ngakumbi malunga neenkcukacha kunye nobukhulu beenqwaba zeshiti zentsimbi?

    COFA APHA

    Ukutshixa iiPile zeSheet yentsimbi kunye nokusebenza okungangeni manzi

    inqwaba yeshiti-yentsimbi-egayiweyo1

    Uyilo: Inqwaba yePhepha leNsimbi eQhagamshelanayo, ukuvuleka kwamanzi ≤1×10⁻⁷ cm/s

    Amazwe aseMelika: Iyahambelana ne-ASTM D5887 Standard yeLiner yokunciphisa ukuvuza kwamanzi phantsi kweeDrums.

    Mzantsi-mpuma weAsia: Ilungele ukuvuza kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ngamaxesha emvula ashushu

    Inkqubo yokuvelisa iinqwaba zeeshiti zentsimbi

    Ukuveliswa kweenqwaba zeeshiti zentsimbi kwenziwa ngenkqubo elawulwayo yokuqengqeleka okushushu ukuqinisekisa amandla aphezulu, ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kokuqhagamshela, kunye nomgangatho ohambelanayo.

    1. Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziluhlaza
    Iibhilethi zentsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu (ezifana ne-S235, S275, S355) ziyakhethwa kwaye zihlolwe ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi.

    2. Inkqubo yokuFudumeza
    Iibhilethi zifudunyezwa kwisithando somlilo esiphinda sifudumale ukuya kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze kufumaneke iplastiki efanelekileyo yokuqengqeleka.

    3. Ukwakheka kweHot Rolling
    Intsimbi eshushu idlula kuthotho lwee-rolling mills ukuze yenze kancinci kancinci iprofayili yenqwaba yephepha efunekayo (uhlobo lwe-U, uhlobo lwe-Z, okanye amacandelo ewebhu athe tye).

    4. Ukwakheka kwe-Interlock
    Izixhobo zokuqengqa ngokuchanekileyo zenza inkqubo yokuqhina, ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kweenqwaba ezikufutshane ukuze amanzi agcinwe kakuhle kwaye umhlaba ugcinwe kakuhle.

    5. Inkqubo yokuPholisa
    Iinqwaba zamaphepha ezenziweyo ziyapholiswa phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo ukuze kuzinziswe iipropati zoomatshini kwaye kuthintelwe ukuguguleka.

    6. Ukulungisa nokusika
    Iingqumba ziyalungiswa, zinqunyulwe zibe nobude obufunekayo, kwaye zihlolwe ukuba zichanekile na ubukhulu bazo kunye nokuhambelana kwazo.

    7. Unyango Lomphezulu (Ukhetho)
    Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukugalela nge-hot-dip galvanizing, ukupeyinta, okanye ukugalela nge-anti-corrosion ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqina kwiindawo zaselwandle nangaphantsi komhlaba.

    8. Uhlolo loMgangatho
    Uhlolo lokugqibela lubandakanya uvavanyo lobukhulu, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwepropathi yoomatshini ngokwemigangatho ye-EN / ASTM.

    9. Ukupakishwa kunye nokuthunyelwa
    Iimveliso ziyahlanganiswa, ziphawulwe, kwaye zilungiselelwe ukupakishwa okufanelekileyo ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kolwandle kunye nokuthunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela.

    Le nkqubo iqinisekisa amandla aphezulu, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kokutshixana, kunye nobomi benkonzo ende kwizicelo zokwakha, zaselwandle, kunye nobunjineli besiseko.

    Inkqubo yokuvelisa inqwaba yeshiti yentsimbi

    Umphezulu weNqwaba yePhepha leNsimbi

    u_ (1)
    112

    Amazwe aseMelika:Isigqubuthelo se-HDG senzelwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASTM A123/ISO 1461, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci besigqubuthelo se-zinc ≥ 85 μm ukuze kuxhathiswe ukugqwala kakuhle kwaye kusebenze ixesha elide. Inkqubo yesigqubuthelo se-3PE ikwayimfuneko ukuze kukhuselwe ngcono kwiindawo ezinobundlongondlongo ezifana nolwandle kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba. Lonke ulungiso lomphezulu luhambelana ne-RoHS kwaye luhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle.

    Mzantsi-mpuma weAsia:I-hot-dip galvanizing enobukhulu obuyi-≥100 μm, kunye nenkqubo ye-epoxy coal tar enezintlu ezimbini, ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluhle kakhulu lokugqwala kwexesha elide kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutshiza ngetyuwa okungaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-5,000. Ke ngoko, le mveliso isebenza ngakumbi kwiindawo zaselwandle ezishushu nezine-corrosive kwaye inokubonelela ngobomi obude bomsebenzi kumsebenzisi kwiindawo ezikufutshane nolwandle naselwandle.

    ISICELO

    Iinqwaba zeeshiti zentsimbi zisetyenziswe kakhulu kubunjineli bokwakha, ubunjineli baselwandle, kunye necandelo leziseko zophuhliso ezinamandla aphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nenkqubo elungileyo yokutshixa.

    Izakhiwo Zokugcina Izinto: Isetyenziswa ekubambeni iindonga kunye nokugcinwa kozinzo lwethambeka, yaye yembiwa phantsi komhlaba ukuze ibambe umhlaba.

    Imisebenzi yaseManzini kunye neyoLwandle: Ivumelekile kwiindonga ze-quay, izikhululo zezibuko, iindonga zolwandle, iindawo zokukhusela amanzi, kunye nezakhiwo zokukhusela unxweme.

    Ubunjineli beSiseko esiNzulu: Kwi-cofferdams, iziseko zeebhulorho, kunye nomsebenzi wokwemba umhlaba emanzini kunye nezinye iindlela zokwahlula amanzi nomhlaba.

    Iiprojekthi zoLawulo lweZikhukula: Ndiqeshwe ekulawuleni amanzi nasekukhuseleni emanzini asemlanjeni ngee-dikes kunye nemiqobo yokulwa nezikhukula kunye nokuwakhupha amanzi.

    Ukwakhiwa kweZiseko zoPhuhliso: Ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso kwiitonela, iindlela ezinkulu, oololiwe, iipaseji zoncedo ezingaphantsi komhlaba, nakwezinye iindawo zokwakha iziseko zophuhliso zokuxhasa ulwakhiwo kunye nokugcinwa komhlaba zininzi.

    Izakhiwo zexeshana: Ifanelekile kwiinkqubo zenkxaso yokwemba okwethutyana kwiindawo zokwakha, inika ukufakwa nokususwa okulula.

    Iingqumba zesinyithi ziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komhlaba okuqinisekisiweyo, ukuqina kwamanzi, kunye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo ixesha elide kwimisebenzi esisigxina neyexeshana.

    Inqwaba yeshiti yentsimbi egoqwe ngobushushu efana no-U (5)

    Kutheni Ukhetha iRoyal Steel Group kwiinqwaba zePhepha zeNsimbi

    1. Amandla Okuvelisa Aqinileyo
    I-Royal Steel Group isebenzisa imigca yemveliso ephucukileyo ye-U Type kunye ne-Iinqwaba zePhepha zeNsimbi zohlobo lwe-Z, ukuqinisekisa imveliso ezinzileyo, ukudibana okuchanekileyo, kunye nomgangatho ohambelanayo kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso.

    2. Uluhlu lweeMveliso eziBanzi kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso
    Sibonelela ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lwee-sheet piles ezinee-grades ezahlukeneyo, ubude, ubukhulu, kunye neendlela zokukhusela ukugqwala, ezenzelwe amazibuko, iibhulorho, ii-cofferdams, kunye nemisebenzi yesiseko.

    3. Imveliso ekhawulezayo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo
    Ngenxa yobuchule bokuvelisa obuzinzileyo kunye nocwangciso olusebenzayo, sixhasa iimfuno zeprojekthi ezingxamisekileyo kwaye siqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwihlabathi liphela ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

    4. Amava eProjekthi yeHlabathi aQinisekisiweyo
    Iinqwaba zethu zesinyithi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bezolwandle, uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso, iinkqubo zokulawula izikhukula, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso kulo lonke elaseAsia, eMbindi Mpuma, eAfrika, naseMelika.

    5. Umthengisi wesisombululo sentsimbi enye
    Ngaphaya kweesheet piles, sikwabonelela ngeepayipi zentsimbi, ii-H beams, izakhiwo zentsimbi, kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene noko, sinikezela ngezisombululo zokuthenga ezidibeneyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe.

    Abathengi beza kumzi-mveliso ukuze bahlole iinqwaba zeeshiti zentsimbi
    ishidi lesinyithi ipile-intsimbi yasebukhosini yaseTshayina2 (1)
    ishidi lesinyithi inqwaba-intsimbi yasebukhosini yaseTshayina1 (1)
    FUMANA IXABISO LAMVA KWIIYURE EZILI-12

    UKUPAKISHA NOKUTHUMELA

    Iingqumba zesinyithi ziphathwa kwaye zithuthwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze zifikelele kwimeko ekhuselekileyo, ezinzileyo, nengenamonakalo ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokugcinwa.

    Iphakheji nganye ibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo ngeentambo zentsimbi kunye ne-anti-deformation.

    Umonakalo, ukufuma, kunye nomhlwa zinokuthintelwa zizigqubuthelo zokukhusela kunye nokugquma okungangeni manzi kusetyenziswa umaleko ngamnye ngexesha lokuthuthwa kolwandle okude.

    Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kokuthumela ngaphandle kusebenzisa isakhelo sentsimbi esifanelekileyo elwandle okanye ipalethi yomthi, efanelekileyo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe.

    Iinkcukacha zemveliso, ibakala, ubungakanani, kunye nenani lobushushu ziprintiwe ngokucacileyo kwiphakheji nganye ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda.

    Iindlela zokuthumela eziguquguqukayo: Xhasa umthwalo weekhonteyina kunye nokuthunyelwa kweempahla zakho ngobuninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okukhuselekileyo, okusebenzayo, nokufikelelwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kumazibuko kwihlabathi liphela. Amaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle kunye nolawulo lwezothutho ziyabonelelwa ukuze kube lula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

    Inqwaba yeshiti yentsimbi egoqwe ngobushushu efana no-U (7)

    FAQ

    Q1: Uqinisekisa njani umgangatho weenqwaba zeeshiti zentsimbi?

    A: Silandela ngokungqongqo imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-EN 10025, i-ASTM, kunye ne-JIS. Ibhetshi nganye inikwa iZiqinisekiso zoVavanyo lweMill (MTC), iingxelo zokuhlolwa, kunye nokulandeleka ngokupheleleyo.

    Q2: Ndingafumana ubungakanani obulungiselelwe wena okanye amanqanaba entsimbi?

    A: Ewe, sixhasa ubungakanani, ubude, kunye neendidi zentsimbi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezifana ne-S235, S275, kunye ne-S355 ngokweemfuno zeprojekthi.

    Umbuzo 3: Ziqine kangakanani iimfumba zakho zamaphepha ukuze zisetyenziswe emanzini okanye kwisiseko?

    A: Iingqumba zethu zamaphepha zenzelwe ukuba zivelise amandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuqhagamshela, zilungele udonga olugcina izinto, amazibuko, ii-cofferdams, kunye nemisebenzi yesiseko esinzulu.

    Q4: Ngowuphi ukhuseleko lokulwa nokugqwala olunikezelayo?

    A: Sibonelela nge-hot-dip galvanizing, i-epoxy coating, iinkqubo zokupenda, kunye neendlela ze-3PE zokulwa nokugqwala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo.

    Q5: Lingakanani ixesha lakho lokuhambisa ii-odolo ezininzi?

    A: Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuvelisa limalunga neentsuku ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-30 zokusebenza, kuxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha kunye nomthamo we-odolo.

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